On January 7, 2015, gunmen attacked the offices of Charlie Hebdo in Paris, killing 12 people in retaliation for the magazine’s criticism of Islam and depictions of Muhammad. The assailants, brothers Saïd and Chérif Kouach, forced entry and shot staff, including director Stéphane “Charb” Charbonnie. Concurrently, Amedy Coulibaly took hostages at a kosher supermarket, killing four. The attacks sparked global tributes under “Je suis Charlie,” igniting debates on free speech, while the magazine resumed publication, selling over 8 million copies of its first post-attack issue.
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